What constitutes data in scientific research?

In scientific research, data is defined as the measurable and observable information collected during experiments. This includes numerical measurements, qualitative observations, and any other factual information that can be systematically recorded to draw conclusions. By focusing on gathered measurements and observations, researchers can analyze patterns, test hypotheses, and derive meaningful conclusions based on empirical evidence.

Theoretical assumptions and conjectures, while they may play a role in forming hypotheses, are not actual data themselves. They are instead frameworks or ideas used to guide the research process. Similarly, mundane opinions about findings lack the rigor and objectivity associated with scientific data and do not provide a reliable basis for analysis or drawing conclusions. Thus, measurements and observations represent the tangible evidence needed to support or refute scientific inquiries.